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The Birkat ha-Minim (Hebrew ברכת המינים "Blessing on the heretics") is a Jewish prayer of blessing on heretics in general, and sometimes Christians, though in this context "blessing" may also be a euphemism for a curse. The blessing is the 12th of the Eighteen Benedictions or Amidah.〔Pieter Willem van der Horst, ''Hellenism, Judaism, Christianity: essays on their interaction'', Kok Pharos: 1998, Page 113 ".. who humblest the insolent" (Palestinian recension) The 12th berakhah in the Jewish Shemoneh Esreh (Eighteen ()) is usually called the Birkat ha-minim 'the blessing of the heretics', which is a euphemism for a curse"〕 The writing of the benediction is attributed to Shmuel ha-Katan at the supposed Council of Jamnia which was inserted in the "Eighteen Benedictions" as the 19th blessing in the silent prayer to be said thrice daily, the Amidah. The benediction is thus seen as related to the Pharisees, the Development of the Hebrew Bible canon, the split of early Christianity and Judaism as heresy in Judaism, the origins of Rabbinic Judaism, Origins of Christianity, Christianity in the 1st century, and history of early Christianity. According to one theory, the Blessing was useful as a tool for outing ''minim'', because no ''min'' would recite aloud or reply amen to it, as it was a curse upon ''minim''.〔http://www.answers.com/topic/birkat-ha-minim〕 ==Composition== According to the Babylonian Talmud Tractate Berakhot 28b–29a, Shmuel ha-Katan was responsible for the writing of the ''Birkat haMinim'': The blessing exists in various forms.〔Ruth Langer, “The Earliest Texts of the Birkat Haminim”, with Uri Ehrlich, forthcoming in ''Hebrew Union College Annual'' 77.〕〔Pieter Willem van der Horst, ''Selected works: The Birkat Ha-minim in Recent Research''. T. & T. Clark, 1994. "Aspects of Religious Contact and Conflict in the Ancient World."〕 Two medieval Cairo Genizah copies include references to both ''Minim'' and ''Notzrim'' ("Nazarenes", i.e. "Christians").〔Yaakov Y. Teppler, ''Birkat haMinim: Jews and Christians in conflict in the ancient world'', Mohr Siebeck: 2007 - p.56 "Thus Krauss speaks on the one hand of notzrim and on the other of minim, and his two pleas do not really hold up side by ... 207 Rashi on BT Megillah 17b: "The minim are disciples of Jesus the Notzri which is why they put Birkat haMinim ..."〕〔Marvin R. Wilson, ''Our father Abraham: Jewish roots of the Christian Faith'', Wm. B. Eerdmans: 1989, p.68 "We must emphasize that only two texts of the Birkat ha-Minim (both found in the Cairo Genizah) explicitly mention Christians. Both texts refer to "the Christians (ie, the Nazarenes ) and the heretics / minim]. "〕〔William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) ''The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period'' 2006, p.291 "He (Gedaliah Alon) proposes that the original Yavnean version of the Birkat ha-Minim, following the medieval Genizah fragment, included both minim and 'Nazarenes,' and that 'in this liturgical fragment minim and Notzrim are synonymous, ie, that both refer to the Jewish Christians.' But Alon's 'assumption' about the form of the original version is unconvincing, and this not least because, if the terms minim and Notzrim are synonymous, there would be no need for both of them in the benediction. Thus, as already argued, it appears more reasonable to suspect that Notzrim was added to a pre-existing malediction after the period of Yavneh – and most likely after the Bar Kochba Revolt (or later)"〕 The extent of reference to ''Notzrim'', or application of ''Minim'' to Christians is debated.〔Antti Marjanen, Petri Luomanen, ''A Companion to Second-Century Christian "Heretics"'', 2008 p.283 "59–61, in contrast to R. Kimelman, "Birkat ha-Minim and the Lack of Evidence for Anti-Christian Jewish Prayer in Late Antiquity," in ''Jewish and Christian Self-Definition, II: Aspects of Judaism in the Greco-Roman Period'', ed. E. P. Sanders, A. I. Baumgarten, and A. Mendelson, London, 1981, 226-244.〕 In his analysis of various scholarly views on the ''Birkat haMinim'', Pieter W. van der Horst sums up, 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Birkat haMinim」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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